Studio esplorativo per l’identificazione di un modello decisionale e implementativo per l’adozione di tecnologie emergenti in sanità.
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Abstract
OBIETTIVO
Le innovazioni mediche più promettenti sembrano richiedere molto tempo per essere utilizzate nella pratica sanitaria. Questa ricerca ha due obiettivi principali: capire i fattori che limitano o favoriscono l’adozione di Tecnologie Emergenti (TE) in sanità e fornire un modello per comprendere, codificare e migliorare la situazione attuale.
METODOLOGIA
Un caso di studio è stato usato per fare luce sul processo decisionale di adozione di TE tra un ospedale universitario (adottante) e un costruttore di innovazione (produttore). I dati primari, indagati attraverso un'analisi tematica ed evidenze letterarie, consistono in nove interviste semi-strutturati di esperti in TE dal lato dell'adottante e del produttore. Il modello decisionale Atteggiamento, Decisione e Implementazione (ADI) è usato come lente teorica di questo studio. Tale modello è una modifica dal processo decisionale descritto nella teoria della diffusione dell'innovazione (DoI) (Rogers, 2003) adattato alle peculiarità dell'ambiente sanitario.
RISULTATI
Dall'analisi delle interviste emerge che l'innovazione in medicina ha diverse limitazioni (risorse finanziarie, tempo libero dei sanitari, corretta identificazione e know-how dei professionisti coinvolti, comunicazione, resistenza dei sanitari) rispetto ai pochi facilitatori (campioni dell’innovazione, marketing appropriato, conferenze mediche). Tale elaborazione evidenzia anche l'assenza di un modello condiviso e codificato per l'adozione dell'innovazione in medicina.
DISCUSSIONE
Gli impedimenti e i fattori promotori emersi nell'analisi dei dati primari trovano conferma in letteratura. Inoltre, l'elaborazione dei dati e le evidenze letterarie supportano il modello ADI come possibile processo decisionale per l’adozione di TE in sanità. Le tre fasi cicliche del modello: la creazione di un atteggiamento (A) nei confronti delle TE, la decisione di continuare la collaborazione tra le parti (D) e l’implementazione dell’innovazione trovano conferma tra i dati primari e le evidenze letterarie (I).
CONCLUSIONI
Il modello ADI potrebbe migliorare l'efficienza e il ritmo di adozione di TE in ambito sanitario attraverso la limitazione delle barriere, sfruttando i fattori facilitanti e la costruzione di una relazione vantaggiosa tra utilizzatori e produttori di TE
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